Adverbs
Definition
Adverbs are
words that modify
- a verb (He drove slowly. — How did he drive?)
- an adjective (He drove a very fast car. — How fast was his car?)
- another adverb (She moved quite slowly down the aisle. — How slowly did she move?)
As we will
see, adverbs often tell when, where, why, or under what conditions something
happens or happened. Adverbs frequently end in -ly; however, many words
and phrases not ending in -ly serve an adverbial function and an -ly
ending is not a guarantee that a word is an adverb. The words lovely,
lonely, motherly, friendly, neighborly, for instance, are adjectives:
- That lovely woman lives in a friendly neighborhood.
If a group
of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb (modifying the verb of
a sentence), it is called an Adverb Clause:
- When this class is over, we're going to the movies.
When a group
of words not containing a subject and verb acts as an adverb, it is called an adverbial
phrase. Prepositional phrases frequently have adverbial functions
(telling place and time, modifying the verb):
- He went to the movies.
- She works on holidays.
- They lived in Canada during the war.
- She hurried to the mainland to see her brother.
- The senator ran to catch the bus.
But there
are other kinds of adverbial phrases:
- He calls his mother as often as possible.
Adverbs can
modify adjectives, but an adjective cannot modify an adverb. Thus we
would say that "the students showed a really wonderful attitude" and
that "the students showed a wonderfully casual attitude" and that
"my professor is really tall, but not "He ran real fast."
Like
adjectives, adverbs can have comparative and superlative forms to show degree.
- Walk faster if you want to keep up with me.
- The student who reads fastest will finish first.
We often use
more and most, less and least to show degree with
adverbs:
- With sneakers on, she could move more quickly among the patients.
- The flowers were the most beautifully arranged creations I've ever seen.
- She worked less confidently after her accident.
- That was the least skillfully done performance I've seen in years.
The as — as
construction can be used to create adverbs that express sameness or equality:
"He can't run as fast as his sister."
A handful of
adverbs have two forms, one that ends in -ly and one that doesn't. In
certain cases, the two forms have different meanings:
- He arrived late.
- Lately, he couldn't seem to be on time for anything.
In most
cases, however, the form without the -ly ending should be reserved for
casual situations:
- She certainly drives slow in that old Buick of hers.
- He did wrong by her.
- He spoke sharp, quick, and to the point.
Adverbs often function as intensifiers,
conveying a greater or lesser emphasis to something. Intensifiers are said to
have three different functions: they can emphasize, amplify, or downtone. Here
are some examples:
- Emphasizers:
- I really don't believe him.
- He literally wrecked his mother's car.
- She simply ignored me.
- They're going to be late, for sure.
- Amplifiers:
- The teacher completely rejected her proposal.
- I absolutely refuse to attend any more faculty meetings.
- They heartily endorsed the new restaurant.
- I so wanted to go with them.
- We know this city well.
- Downtoners:
- I kind of like this college.
- Joe sort of felt betrayed by his sister.
- His mother mildly disapproved his actions.
- We can improve on this to some extent.
- The boss almost quit after that.
- The school was all but ruined by the storm.
Adverbs (as
well as adjectives) in their various degrees can be accompanied by
premodifiers:
- She runs very fast.
- We're going to run out of material all the faster
For this
section on intensifiers, we are indebted to A Grammar of Contemporary
English by Randolph Quirk, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik.
Longman Group: London. 1978. pages 438 to 457. Examples our own.
Using Adverbs in a Numbered List
Within the
normal flow of text, it's nearly always a bad idea to number items beyond three
or four, at the most. Anything beyond that, you're better off with a vertical list that uses numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.). Also, in such a list, don't use adverbs
(with an -ly ending); use instead the uninflected ordinal number (first,
second, third, fourth, fifth, etc.). First (not firstly), it's unclear what the
adverb is modifying. Second (not secondly), it's unnecessary. Third (not
thirdly), after you get beyond "secondly," it starts to sound silly.
Adverbs that number in this manner are treated as disjuncts (see below.)
Adverbs We Can Do Without
Review the
section on Being Concise for some advice on adverbs that we can eliminate to
the benefit of our prose: intensifiers such as very, extremely,
and really that don't intensify anything and expletive constructions
("There are several books that address this issue.")
Kinds of Adverbs
Adverbs of Manner
She moved slowly and spoke quietly.
Adverbs of Place
She has lived on the island all her life.
She still lives there now.
Adverbs of Frequency
She takes the boat to the mainland every day.
She often goes by herself.
Adverbs of Time
She tries to get back before dark.
It's starting to get dark now.
She finished her tea first.
She left early.
Adverbs of Purpose
She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.
She shops in several stores to get the best buys.
She moved slowly and spoke quietly.
Adverbs of Place
She has lived on the island all her life.
She still lives there now.
Adverbs of Frequency
She takes the boat to the mainland every day.
She often goes by herself.
Adverbs of Time
She tries to get back before dark.
It's starting to get dark now.
She finished her tea first.
She left early.
Adverbs of Purpose
She drives her boat slowly to avoid hitting the rocks.
She shops in several stores to get the best buys.
Positions of Adverbs
One of the
hallmarks of adverbs is their ability to move around in a sentence. Adverbs of
manner are particularly flexible in this regard.
- Solemnly the minister addressed her congregation.
- The minister solemnly addressed her congregation.
- The minister addressed her congregation solemnly.
The
following adverbs of frequency appear in various points in these sentences:
- Before the main verb: I never get up before nine o'clock.
- Between the auxiliary verb and the main verb: I have rarely written to my brother without a good reason.
- Before the verb used to: I always used to see him at his summer home.
Indefinite
adverbs of time can appear either before the verb or between the auxiliary and
the main verb:
- He finally showed up for batting practice.
- She has recently retired.
There is a
basic order in which adverbs will appear when there is more than one. It is
similar to The Royal Order of Adjectives, but it is even more flexible.
THE ROYAL ORDER OF ADVERBS
|
|||||
Verb
|
Manner
|
Place
|
Frequency
|
Time
|
Purpose
|
Beth swims
|
enthusiastically
|
in the
pool
|
every
morning
|
before
dawn
|
to keep in
shape.
|
Dad walks
|
impatiently
|
into town
|
every
afternoon
|
before
supper
|
to get a
newspaper.
|
Tashonda
naps
|
|
in her
room
|
every
morning
|
before
lunch.
|
|
|
In actual
practice, of course, it would be highly unusual to have a string of adverbial
modifiers beyond two or three (at the most). Because the placement of adverbs
is so flexible, one or two of the modifiers would probably move to the
beginning of the sentence: "Every afternoon before supper, Dad
impatiently walks into town to get a newspaper." When that happens, the
introductory adverbial modifiers are usually set off with a comma.
|
More Notes on Adverb Order
As a general
principle, shorter adverbial phrases precede longer adverbial phrases,
regardless of content. In the following sentence, an adverb of time precedes an
adverb of frequency because it is shorter (and simpler):
- Dad takes a brisk walk before breakfast every day of his life.
A second
principle: among similar adverbial phrases of kind (manner, place, frequency,
etc.), the more specific adverbial phrase comes first:
- My grandmother was born in a sod house on the plains of northern Nebraska.
- She promised to meet him for lunch next Tuesday.
Bringing an
adverbial modifier to the beginning of the sentence can place special emphasis
on that modifier. This is particularly useful with adverbs of manner:
- Slowly, ever so carefully, Jesse filled the coffee cup up to the brim, even above the brim.
- Occasionally, but only occasionally, one of these lemons will get by the inspectors.
Inappropriate Adverb Order
Review the
section on Misplaced Modifiers for some additional ideas on
placement. Modifiers can sometimes attach themselves to and thus modify words
that they ought not to modify.
- They reported that Giuseppe Balle, a European rock star, had died on the six o'clock news.
Clearly, it
would be better to move the underlined modifier to a position immediately after
"they reported" or even to the beginning of the sentence — so the
poor man doesn't die on television.
Misplacement
can also occur with very simple modifiers, such as only and barely:
- She only grew to be four feet tall.
It would be
better if "She grew to be only four feet tall."
Regardless
of its position, an adverb is often neatly integrated into the flow of a
sentence. When this is true, as it almost always is, the adverb is called an
adjunct. (Notice the underlined adjuncts or adjunctive adverbs in the first two
sentences of this paragraph.) When the adverb does not fit into the flow of the
clause, it is called a disjunct or a conjunct and is often set off by a comma
or set of commas. A disjunct frequently acts as a kind of evaluation of the
rest of the sentence. Although it usually modifies the verb, we could say that
it modifies the entire clause, too. Notice how "too" is a disjunct in
the sentence immediately before this one; that same word can also serve as an
adjunct adverbial modifier: It's too hot to play outside. Here are two more
disjunctive adverbs:
- Frankly, Martha, I don't give a hoot.
- Fortunately, no one was hurt.
Conjuncts, on the other hand, serve a connector
function within the flow of the text, signaling a transition between ideas.
- If they start smoking those awful cigars, then I'm not staying.
- We've told the landlord about this ceiling again and again, and yet he's done nothing to fix it.
At the
extreme edge of this category, we have the purely conjunctive device known as
the conjunctive adverb (often called the adverbial conjunction):
- Jose has spent years preparing for this event; nevertheless, he's the most nervous person here.
- I love this school; however, I don't think I can afford the tuition.
Authority
for this section: A University Grammar of English by Randolph Quirk and
Sidney Greenbaum. Longman Group: Essex, England. 1993. 126. Used with
permission. Examples our own.
Some Special Cases
The adverbs enough
and not enough usually take a postmodifier position:
- Is that music loud enough?
- These shoes are not big enough.
- In a roomful of elderly people, you must remember to speak loudly enough.
(Notice,
though, that when enough functions as an adjective, it can come before
the noun:
- Did she give us enough time?
The adverb enough
is often followed by an infinitive:
- She didn't run fast enough to win.
The adverb too
comes before adjectives and other adverbs:
- She ran too fast.
- She works too quickly.
If too
comes after the adverb it is probably a disjunct (meaning also) and is
usually set off with a comma:
- Yasmin works hard. She works quickly, too.
The adverb too
is often followed by an infinitive:
- She runs too slowly to enter this race.
Another
common construction with the adverb too is too followed by a
prepositional phrase — for + the object of the preposition — followed by
an infinitive:
- This milk is too hot for a baby to drink.
Adjectival
clauses are sometimes introduced by what are called the relative adverbs:
where, when, and why. Although the entire clause is adjectival
and will modify a noun, the relative word itself fulfills an adverbial function
(modifying a verb within its own clause).
The relative
adverb where will begin a clause that modifies a noun of place:
My entire family now worships in the
church where my great grandfather used to be minister.
The relative
pronoun "where" modifies the verb "used to be" (which makes
it adverbial), but the entire clause ("where my great grandfather used to
be minister") modifies the word "church."
A when
clause will modify nouns of time:
My favorite month is always
February, when we celebrate Valentine's Day and Presidents' Day.
And a why
clause will modify the noun reason:
Do you know the reason why Isabel
isn't in class today?
We sometimes
leave out the relative adverb in such clauses, and many writers prefer
"that" to "why" in a clause referring to
"reason":
- Do you know the reason
whyIsabel isn't in class today? - I always look forward to the
day
whenwe begin our summer vacation. - I know the reason that men like motorcycles.
Authority
for this section: Understanding English Grammar by Martha Kolln. 4rth
Edition. MacMillan Publishing Company: New York. 1994.
A viewpoint
adverb generally comes after a noun and is related to an adjective that
precedes that noun:
- A successful athletic team is often a good team scholastically.
- Investing all our money in snowmobiles was probably not a sound idea financially.
You will
sometimes hear a phrase like "scholastically speaking" or
"financially speaking" in these circumstances, but the word
"speaking" is seldom necessary.
A focus
adverb indicates that what is being communicated is limited to the part
that is focused; a focus adverb will tend either to limit the sense of the
sentence ("He got an A just for attending the class.") or to act as
an additive ("He got an A in addition to being published."
Although
negative constructions like the words "not" and "never" are
usually found embedded within a verb string — "He has never been much help
to his mother." — they are technically not part of the verb; they are,
indeed, adverbs. However, a so-called negative adverb creates a negative
meaning in a sentence without the use of the usual
no/not/neither/nor/never constructions:
- He seldom visits.
- She hardly eats anything since the accident.
- After her long and tedious lectures, rarely was anyone awake
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